Paper Title
The Heretical Challenge: ‘Unorthodox’ Beliefs in The Middle Ages

Abstract
The 13th century in medieval Europe witnessed the emergence of heretical movements, challenging the religious authority and orthodoxy of the Roman Catholic Church; one such challenge was heresy. Heresy refers to beliefs and practices that deviate from the orthodox doctrines of the Church. Heretics were individuals or groups who held these beliefs, often questioning the Church’s teachings, practices, and hierarchy. The backdrop of medieval heresy is rooted in the tensions between religious orthodoxy and scepticism. The Church’s growing authority and wealth triggered a backlash as heretical movements emerged, seeking spiritual independence and direct connections with God. The heretical challenge to the Church’s authority was not solely a religious issue but also a manifestation of societal unrest. Medieval heretical communities were socially diverse, and their organisation was often characterised by secrecy, communal living, and charismatic leadership. These communities, while heretical in the eyes of the Church, offered an alternative to the established religious order. Understanding the historical context and the views of notable scholars illuminates the profound impact of heresy on medieval society and religion. This comprehensive investigation traces the origins, expressions, and reactions to heresy, with a primary focus on the medieval era. The inquiry traces the emergence of heretical ideas starting from the 11th century, attributing their rise to challenges against ecclesiastical authority and socio-economic disputes. It yields a nuanced comprehension of heresy, transcending conventional historiographical perspectives and illuminating the intricacies inherent in medieval religious discord. Keywords: History, Middle Ages, Heresy, Roman Catholic Church, Catharism, Inquisitions.