Paper Title
Optimal Fuel Consumption Estimation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell based Hybrid Electric Tractor Using Advanced Walrus Optimization Technique (AWaOT)

Abstract
The global demand for electrical energy is rising rapidly due to industrialization and modernization. While fossil fuels are commonly used to meet this demand, their drawbacks—such as global warming, limited availability, and harmful emissions—restrict their long-term use. To address these challenges, there is a growing need for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Over the past two decades, fuel cells have gained significant attention as a renewable energy option due to their zero-emission operation and high efficiency. Among them, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stands out for its high operating efficiency and temperature. SOFCs are particularly advantageous because they can directly utilize natural gas. Known for their versatility and quick response, SOFCs are increasingly seen by manufacturers as a promising solution for generating electrical energy. This research proposes an advanced approach to enhance efficiency and reduce fuel consumption in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-based Hybrid Electric Tractors (SOFC-HET). Central to this strategy is the use of the Advanced Walrus Optimization Technique (AWaOT), a predictive controller designed to anticipate the tractor’s power demand and the fuel cell’s operating conditions. By leveraging these predictions, AWaOT optimizes key control parameters, including power distribution, fuel flow, air flow, and temperature. This targeted optimization not only reduces hydrogen fuel consumption but also improves overall efficiency and extends the fuel cell system's lifespan. Keywords - Fuel consumption, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, Hybrid Electric Tractors, Battery capacity, Hydrogen consumption, and Electricity usage